The Eye:
Light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before hitting the retina.
The iris is a muscle that controls the size of the pupil and, therefore, the amount of light that enters the eye. Also, the color of your eyes is determined by the iris.
The vitreous or vitreous humor is a clear gel that provides constant pressure to maintain the shape of the eye.
The retina is the area of the eye that contains the receptors (rods and cones) that respond to light. The receptors respond to light by generating electrical impulses that travel out of the eye through the optic nerve to the brain.
Six bands of muscles attach to the eyeball to control the ability of the eye to look up and down and side to side. These muscles are controlled by three cranial nerves. Four of the muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), one muscle is controlled by the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) and one muscle is controlled by the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI.).
This begs the question; how could the eye have evolved?
However, I have an even deeper one:
How did evolution know there was even light to be seen?
The Ear:
Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate.
Three bones in the ear (malleus, incus, stapes) pass these vibrations on to the cochlea.
The cochlea is a snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear. Inside the cochlea is another structure called the organ of Corti.
Hair cells are located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea. The cilia (the hair) of the hair cells make contact with another membrane called the tectorial membrane.
When the hair cells are excited by vibration, a nerve impulse is generated in the auditory nerve. These impulses are then sent to the brain.
This begs the question; how could the ear have evolved?
However, I have an even deeper one:
How did evolution know there was even sound to be heard?
The Nose:
The sense of smell, called olfaction, involves the detection and perception of chemicals floating in the air. Chemical molecules enter the nose and dissolve in mucous within a membrane called the olfactory epithelium.
Hair cells are the receptors in the olfactory epithelium that respond to particular chemicals. These cells have small hairs called cilia on one side and an axon on the other side.
No one knows what actually causes olfactory receptors to react - it could be a chemical molecule's shape or size or electrical charge.
The electrical activity produced in these hair cells is transmitted to the olfactory bulb. The information is then passed on to mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.
The olfactory tract transmits the signals to the brain to areas such as the olfactory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
This begs the question; how could the sense of smell have evolved?
However, I have an even deeper one:
How did evolution know there were even scents to be smelled?
The Tongue:
People taste with their taste bud organs. There are approximately 10,000 taste buds in humans. Each taste bud is made up of between 50-150 receptor cells.
Receptor cells live for only 1 to 2 weeks and then are replaced by new receptor cells. Each receptor in a taste bud responds best to one of the basic tastes.
There are two cranial nerves that innervate the tongue and are used for taste: the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
The facial nerve innervates the anterior (front) two-thirds of the tongue and the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates that posterior (back) one-third part of the tongue. Another cranial nerve (the vagus nerve, X) carries taste information from the back part of the mouth.
The cranial nerves carry taste information into the brain to a part of the brain stem called the nucleus of the solitary tract. From the nucleus of the solitary tract, taste information goes to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex.
This begs the question; how could the tongue with the sense of taste have evolved?
However, I have an even deeper one:
How did evolution know there were any flavors to be tasted?
You see, the problem is evolution is not an entity to know anything. It does not know that the flowers need bees to spread pollen. It does not know that the plants need animals to produce carbon dioxide that the plants take in, or that the animals need plants that give off oxygen. Evolution does not know to make fruits and vegetables for the animals to eat, which they then digest and give back to the plants in form of fertilizer. The system works this way by design and where there is a design there must be a designer.
Did you know there is no known process by which genetic information is added to the genetic code? The fern cannot evolve to the frog and to the man. There is no pathway for this to occur. Macro evolution is not scientifically possible.